Journal, Conference and White Papers
2025
Using generative-AI speech-to-text output to provide automated monitoring of television subtitles. Michael Armstrong, IBC2025 Technical Conference September 2025.
Using AI-based tools to monitor subtitle quality. Michael Armstrong and Michael Crabb. Presentation at the Conference on Disability, Accessibility and Representation in the Creative Industries, September 2025.
2024
A brief history of closed signing. Michael Armstrong, BBC R&D White Paper 411. March 2024
2021
Adaptive Subtitles: Preferences and Trade-Offs in Real-Time Media Adaption. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’21), Benjamin M. Gorman, Michael Crabb, and Michael Armstrong. 2021.
2018
Exploring Subtitle Behaviour for 360° Video. Andy Brown, Jayson Turner, Jake Patterson, Anastasia Schmitz, Michael Armstrong, Maxine Glancy. White Paper WHP 330, Apr 2018.
2017
Exploring Ways of Meeting a Wider Range of Access Needs Through Object-Based Media. Michael Armstrong and Michael Crabb – Conference on Accessibility in Film, Television and Interactive Media, Oct 2017.
Automatic recovery and verification of subtitles for large collections of video clips. Michael Armstrong – SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, October Digital Edition.
Subtitles in 360-degree Video. Andy Brown, Jayson Turner, Jake Patterson, Anastasia Schmitz, Michael Armstrong, Maxine Glancy – TVX2017 Work in Progress Paper
2016
Understanding the Diverse Needs of Subtitle Users in a Rapidly Evolving Media Landscape. Michael Armstrong, Andy Brown, Michael Crabb, Chris Hughes, Rhianne Jones and James Sandford (2016) – SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 11/2016; 125(9):33-41. DOI:10.5594/JMI.2016.2614919, November 2016
Automatic recovery and verification of subtitles for large collections of video clips. Michael Armstrong. White Paper WHP 323, Oct 2016.
Automatic recovery and verification of subtitles for large collections of video clips. Mike Armstrong – IBC 2016 Conference, 2016
The development of a Framework for Understanding the UX of Subtitles. Michael Crabb, Michael Armstrong. White Paper WHP 316, Feb 2016.
Online News Videos: The UX of Subtitle Position. Michael Crabb, Michael Armstrong, Chris Hughes. White Paper WHP 317, Feb 2016.
Dynamic Subtitles: the User Experience, Andy Brown, Michael Crabb, James Sandford, Matthew Brooks, Michael Armstrong, Caroline Jay (University of Manchester). White Paper WHP 305, Jan 2016.
2015
Online News Videos: The UX of Subtitle Position. Michael Crabb, Rhianne Jones, Michael Armstrong, Chris J Hughes, 2015/10/26, Proceedings of the 17th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers & accessibility, 215-222, ACM.
The Development of a Framework for Understanding the UX of Subtitles. Michael Crabb, Rhianne Jones, Michael Armstrong, 2015/10/26, Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility, 347-348, ACM.
Understanding The Diverse Needs Of Subtitle Users In A Rapidly Evolving Media Landscape. Michael Armstrong, Andy Brown, Michael Crabb, Chris Hughes, James Sandford. WHP 307, Sep 2015.
Understanding the Diverse Needs of Subtitle Users in a Rapidly Evolving Media Landscape. Michael Armstrong, Andy Brown, Michael Crabb, Chris Hughes, Rhianne Jones, James Sandford, 2015/9, IBC2015, IET.
Automatic retrieval of closed captions for web clips from broadcast TV content. Chris Hughes, Michael Armstrong. White Paper WHP 293, Jul 2015.
Responsive Design for Personalised Subtitles. Michael Crabb, Michael Armstrong, Chris Hughes. White Paper WHP 295, Jul 2015.
Dynamic Subtitles: The User Experience. Andy Brown, Rhia Jones, Mike Crabb, James Sandford, Matthew Brooks, Michael Armstrong, Caroline Jay, 2015/6/3, Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video, 103-112, ACM.
Responsive design for personalised subtitles. Chris J Hughes, Michael Armstrong, Rhianne Jones, Michael Crabb, 2015/5/18, Proceedings of the 12th Web for All Conference, ACM.
Automatic Retrieval of Closed Captions for Web Clips from Broadcast TV Content. Chris Hughes, Michael Armstrong, 2015/4, NAB Broadcast Engineering Conference, NAB.
2014
TVX2014 Short Paper – Enhancing Subtitles. Michael Armstrong, Matthew Brooks, 3 Nov 2014.
Enhancing Subtitles. Matthew Brooks, Michael Armstrong, TVX2014, 2014.
2013
The Development of a Methodology to Evaluate the Perceived Quality of Live TV Subtitles. Michael Armstrong. White Paper WHP 259, Oct 2013.
Subtitle Quality – IBC 2013 Handout. Michael Armstrong, 2013 Sep.
The Development of a Methodology to Evaluate the Perceived Quality of Live TV Subtitles. Michael Armstrong, 2013/1, 11.1-11.1, IET Digital Library. IBC 2013.
Measurement of Subtitle Quality: an R&D Perspective. Michael Armstrong. White Paper WHP 255, Jul 2013.
BBC R&D Blog Posts
2017
Introducing Automatically Matched Subtitles. 29 Jun 2017.
Subtitling the Story of Life App. 18 Jan 2017
2013
Subtitle Quality Projects at IBC2013. 8 Oct 2013.